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It can perform heterogeneous joins between data sets stored across different platforms. Access is often used by people downloading data from enterprise level databases for manipulation, analysis, and reporting locally. This makes it very convenient to distribute the entire application to another user, who can run it in disconnected environments. One of the benefits of Access from a programmer's perspective is its relative compatibility with SQL structured query language —queries can be viewed graphically or edited as SQL statements, and SQL statements can be used directly in Macros and VBA Modules to manipulate Access tables.
Users can mix and use both VBA and "Macros" for programming forms and logic and offers object-oriented possibilities. VBA can also be included in queries. Microsoft Access offers parameterized queries. These queries and Access tables can be referenced from other programs like VB6 and.
Microsoft Access is a file server -based database. Unlike client—server relational database management systems RDBMS , Microsoft Access does not implement database triggers , stored procedures , or transaction logging.
Access includes table-level triggers and stored procedures built into the ACE data engine. Thus a Client-server database system is not a requirement for using stored procedures or table triggers with Access Tables, queries, forms, reports and macros can now be developed specifically for web based applications in Access Integration with Microsoft SharePoint is also highly improved.
The edition of Microsoft Access introduced a mostly flat design and the ability to install apps from the Office Store, but it did not introduce new features. The theme was partially updated again for , but no dark theme was created for Access. NET web forms can query a Microsoft Access database, retrieve records and display them on the browser.
SharePoint Server via Access Services allows for Access databases to be published to SharePoint, thus enabling multiple users to interact with the database application from any standards-compliant Web browser. Access Web databases published to SharePoint Server can use standard objects such as tables, queries, forms, macros, and reports. Access Services stores those objects in SharePoint.
Access offers the ability to publish Access web solutions on SharePoint The macro language is enhanced to support more sophisticated programming logic and database level automation. Microsoft Access can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases.
Microsoft offers free runtime versions of Microsoft Access which allow users to run an Access desktop application without needing to purchase or install a retail version of Microsoft Access. This actually allows Access developers to create databases that can be freely distributed to an unlimited number of end-users.
These runtime versions of Access and later can be downloaded for free from Microsoft. The runtime version allows users to view, edit and delete data, along with running queries, forms, reports, macros and VBA module code.
The runtime version does not allow users to change the design of Microsoft Access tables, queries, forms, reports, macros or module code. The runtime versions are similar to their corresponding full version of Access and usually compatible with earlier versions; for example Access Runtime allows a user to run an Access application made with the version as well as through Due to deprecated features in Access , its runtime version is also unable to support those older features.
Access stores all database tables, queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules in the Access Jet database as a single file. For query development, Access offers a "Query Designer", a graphical user interface that allows users to build queries without knowledge of structured query language.
In the Query Designer, users can "show" the datasources of the query which can be tables or queries and select the fields they want returned by clicking and dragging them into the grid. One can set up joins by clicking and dragging fields in tables to fields in other tables.
Access allows users to view and manipulate the SQL code if desired. Any Access table, including linked tables from different data sources, can be used in a query. Access also supports the creation of "pass-through queries".
This enables users to interact with data stored outside the Access program without using linked tables or Jet. When developing reports in "Design View" additions or changes to controls cause any linked queries to execute in the background and the designer is forced to wait for records to be returned before being able to make another change.
This feature cannot be turned off. Non-programmers can use the macro feature to automate simple tasks through a series of drop-down selections. Macros allow users to easily chain commands together such as running queries, importing or exporting data, opening and closing forms, previewing and printing reports, etc. Macros support basic logic IF-conditions and the ability to call other macros. Macros can also contain sub-macros which are similar to subroutines. In Access , enhanced macros included error-handling and support for temporary variables.
Access also introduced embedded macros that are essentially properties of an object's event. This eliminated the need to store macros as individual objects. However, macros were limited in their functionality by a lack of programming loops and advanced coding logic until Access With significant further enhancements introduced in Access , the capabilities of macros became fully comparable to VBA.
They made feature rich web-based application deployments practical, via a greatly enhanced Microsoft SharePoint interface and tools, as well as on traditional Windows desktops.
It is similar to Visual Basic 6. To create a richer, more efficient and maintainable finished product with good error handling, most professional Access applications are developed using the VBA programming language rather than macros, except where web deployment is a business requirement.
In the database container or navigation pane in Access and later versions, the system automatically categorizes each object by type e. Many Access developers use the Leszynski naming convention , though this is not universal; it is a programming convention, not a DBMS-enforced rule.
Developers deploy Microsoft Access most often for individual and workgroup projects the Access 97 speed characterization was done for 32 users. Databases under 1 GB in size which can now fit entirely in RAM and simultaneous users are well within the capabilities of Microsoft Access.
Disk-intensive work such as complex searching and querying take the most time. As data from a Microsoft Access database can be cached in RAM, processing speed may substantially improve when there is only a single user or if the data is not changing. In the past, the effect of packet latency on the record-locking system caused Access databases to run slowly on a virtual private network VPN or a wide area network WAN against a Jet database.
As of , [update] broadband connections have mitigated this issue. Performance can also be enhanced if a continuous connection is maintained to the back-end database throughout the session rather than opening and closing it for each table access.
In July , Microsoft acknowledged an intermittent query performance problem with all versions of Access and Windows 7 and Windows Server R2 due to the nature of resource management being vastly different in newer operating systems. In earlier versions of Microsoft Access, the ability to distribute applications required the purchase of the Developer Toolkit; in Access , and Access the "Runtime Only" version is offered as a free download, [44] making the distribution of royalty-free applications possible on Windows XP, Vista, 7 and Windows 8.
Microsoft Access applications can adopt a split-database architecture. The single database can be divided into a separate "back-end" file that contains the data tables shared on a file server and a "front-end" containing the application's objects such as queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules.
The "front-end" Access application is distributed to each user's desktop and linked to the shared database. Using this approach, each user has a copy of Microsoft Access or the runtime version installed on their machine along with their application database.
This reduces network traffic since the application is not retrieved for each use. The "front-end" database can still contain local tables for storing a user's settings or temporary data. This split-database design also allows development of the application independent of the data. One disadvantage is that users may make various changes to their own local copy of the application and this makes it hard to manage version control.
When a new version is ready, the front-end database is replaced without impacting the data database. Microsoft Access has two built-in utilities, Database Splitter [46] and Linked Table Manager, to facilitate this architecture. Linked tables in Access use absolute paths rather than relative paths, so the development environment either has to have the same path as the production environment or a "dynamic-linker" routine can be written in VBA.
For very large Access databases, this may have performance issues and a SQL backend should be considered in these circumstances. To scale Access applications to enterprise or web solutions, one possible technique involves migrating to Microsoft SQL Server or equivalent server database.
A client—server design significantly reduces maintenance and increases security, availability, stability, and transaction logging.
This feature was removed from Access A variety of upgrading options are available. The corresponding SQL Server data type is binary, with only two states, permissible values, zero and 1. Regardless, SQL Server is still the easiest migration. Retrieving data from linked tables is optimized to just the records needed, but this scenario may operate less efficiently than what would otherwise be optimal for SQL Server.
For example, in instances where multi-table joins still require copying the whole table across the network. The views and stored procedures can significantly reduce the network traffic for multi-table joins. Finally, some Access databases are completely replaced by another technology such as ASP.
NET or Java once the data is converted. Further, Access application procedures, whether VBA and macros, are written at a relatively higher level versus the currently available alternatives that are both robust and comprehensive. Note that the Access macro language, allowing an even higher level of abstraction than VBA, was significantly enhanced in Access and again in Access In many cases, developers build direct web-to-data interfaces using ASP. NET, while keeping major business automation processes, administrative and reporting functions that don't need to be distributed to everyone in Access for information workers to maintain.
Microsoft Access applications can be made secure by various methods, the most basic being password access control; this is a relatively weak form of protection. A higher level of protection is the use of workgroup security requiring a user name and password.
Users and groups can be specified along with their rights at the object type or individual object level. This can be used to specify people with read-only or data entry rights but may be challenging to specify.
A separate workgroup security file contains the settings which can be used to manage multiple databases. Databases can also be encrypted. MDE file. Some tools are available for unlocking and " decompiling ", although certain elements including original VBA comments and formatting are normally irretrievable. Microsoft Access saves information under the following file formats :. There are no Access versions between 2.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Database manager part of the Microsoft Office package. Microsoft Office Access running on Windows Office Beta Channel See also: Web form.
Main article: Upsizing database. The Verge. Retrieved October 5, PC Mag. Ziff Davis, Inc. Retrieved May 23, Retrieved October 15, Retrieved March 13, Retrieved January 2, November 14, September 4, July 31, October 16, November 20, November 4, July 13, July 20, The Old New Thing. April 13, Retrieved May 20, Retrieved June 13, July 22, Retrieved April 24, Retrieved September 4, Office Blogs.
September 7, Nothing is automatically filed that is, with a rule into this folder. Name this folder 1-Reference. Adding the 1- will cause it to be the first item under the Inbox. This folder is created under the Inbox so that you can collapse the Inbox and remove it from view. Set this folder to auto archive annually.
Note: If this folder becomes too large 10, items or more , Outlook might become slow when switching to this folder. A folder for career-related, private, and personal messages. Having a separate folder for personal and career-related information gives you the freedom to search for a message while someone is standing over your shoulder without worrying that a personally sensitive message will appear.
Name this folder 2-Personal. Managers might have a single folder for feedback on their employees called 3-Management.
Set these folders to auto archive annually. A set of folders for Contact Group messages. Create a single, top-level folder under your Inbox called Contact Groups , and then create a subfolder for each topic of Contact Groups.
Usually, one folder per Contact Group is enough, but if you are on several related Contact Groups, consider having all of the messages delivered to the same folder. These messages should go directly to your Inbox. Set your Contact Group folders to auto archive every six months or more frequently if they are time sensitive — for example, a Contact Group for finding carpool rides should be archived daily. A set of folders for RSS Feeds.
Outlook creates these folders automatically. Search folders are useful for gathering information from across different mail and RSS folders. Search folders can be especially useful when you need to gather information that is saved in different folders — for example, when preparing for a quarterly meeting.
If you receive a large volume of messages more than messages a day , search folders might be a good way for you to parse mail from different senders. Favorites give visibility to folders that are otherwise buried in your mail folder list.
Favorites , a subset of your mail folders, appear at the top of the navigation pane. The goal of organizing your Outlook is to reduce the amount of unnecessary "noise" in your Inbox and to make the most important items bubble to the top.
Rules help this process by moving messages into folders based on criteria that you set. Rules filter the messages coming into your Inbox for must-read items only. You can see who has accepted by checking the tracking tab inside the meeting window. Defer Sent Items This rule delays sending messages by one minute or longer. When using this rule, make sure that your messages have been sent before you shut down your computer. Multiple Contact Groups that are similar should use the same rule and be filed in the same folder.
Any messages that you must read should go directly into your Inbox. The To-Do Bar is the panel on the right side of Outlook. It shows you a calendar, your upcoming appointments, and your unified task list, which contains:. Show favorite contacts. The default arrangement for tasks is by Due Date, but you might consider changing the arrangement to Start Date, depending upon how you use flags.
If you want to see the tasks that you have pushed out for next week on Monday, arrange by Start Date. If you want to see tasks on the day that they are due, arrange by Due Date.
If you receive a lot of messages or are easily distracted by the notification sound that plays for incoming messages, we recommend turning off the following options:. The new mail pop-up alerts. To change these settings, select the File button, select Options , and then select Mail. Categories in Outlook allow you to manage items in many different ways. There are three main types of categories that we recommend creating:.
For example, they can help you more easily identify what you can do now and help you group similar tasks so that you can do them all at once. Each of your direct reports and your manager for items that you want to review the next time you meet for example, a category named Manager. Each of the major locations or types of activities that you do, so that you can perform bulk actions a useful part of managing your tasks , for example:.
Commute for tasks that you can do on the way home from work. Email for tasks that involve email messages, meetings, or any other aspect of Outlook. Meeting for items that you need in order to prepare for a meeting. Offline for tasks that take you away from the computer, such as making a copy of a document.
Online for tasks that you can accomplish only online or through a Web browser. Read for tasks that involve just reading — not responding. Waiting for messages or tasks for which you are awaiting a response, but there is no explicit next action for you. Note: Using the symbol makes the categories stand out in your category list.
Marking before certain categories helps to keep these categories at the top of your category list and reminds you of where you should be when you are performing this task for example, Phone is "at the phone". Each important topic or project so that you can easily find messages on a given topic — especially if there is no word in the body or subject of the message that would make it appear in a search. You can apply multiple categories to a single item — as opposed to filing, where items can live in only one folder at a time.
For example, an important message that you want to discuss with your manager before you respond might be categorized with both the Email category and the Manager category.
As you will see, categories help messages and tasks stand out in your To-Do Bar, make searching more efficient, and help you get ready for meetings. Note: Be very careful about categorizing your outgoing messages — your recipients might be able to see your categories. Quick Steps give you the ability to perform multiple actions in one click.
They are a useful tool to help you keep a clean inbox and to generally be more efficient at using Outlook. Any time you find yourself repeatedly doing the same steps in Outlook, try creating a Quick Step. For more information, see Automate common or repetitive tasks with Quick Steps :. In addition to Quick Steps listed above, depending upon your job and your general day to day activities, you might want to create the following types of Quick Steps:.
You categorize many of your messages before you file them to help you find them later. Create one per category you use often. You are flagging things for different dates, such as Tomorrow, This Week, etc. Create one per flag you use often. You use a few categories to help you understand what context your tasks are. Example: Read: Flags for tomorrow, categorizes with Read category. You receive some messages from Contact Groups in your Inbox due to rules, inadvertently.
Example: You have a rule to file all messages from Contact Group foo into a folder, unless it has the word bar anywhere in the body.
After you start creating Quick Steps, you will find that there might be other ways that you can optimize the number of clicks required to get something done. Whenever you find yourself doing the same thing repeatedly, try creating a Quick Step.
And as projects change, update your Quick Steps so that they are only the things you really do. Once you set up your system, you are ready to begin managing incoming messages. By making your Inbox the central place for receiving important messages, you can go through it with the confidence that each item is something you need to deal with. If you need to do it, but it takes longer than two minutes including reading , defer hold off on it.
If you need it as reference even if you have decided to defer it , move it into your reference folder. The goal is to reduce the number of times you touch each message. If you never want to receive another message as part of this conversation, ignore it. For example, many messages can be responded to in two minutes or less. But if a message takes longer than two minutes to deal with, defer it. To get a sense of what two minutes feels like, try timing yourself. File it in one of your reference folders for example, 1-Reference using a Quick Step.
To keep a record of the things that you have done, especially for the purposes of reflection around the time of annual reviews or for preparing reports, use the Done Quick Step, which also marks messages as completed.
Sometimes you receive a message that is really meant for someone else to deal with. In these cases, reply and include the person you're delegating the message to on the To line. If you find you're doing this often, consider creating a Quick Step that replies and adds the delegated person to the To line.
If you want to follow up later, flag it for yourself before sending. In your To-Do Bar, mark the task with the Waiting category. If you will need to refer to the message more than once and you want easy access to it, drag it to the Later group in the To-Do Bar. If you find that you are repeatedly applying the same categories and flags, create a new Quick Step that flags, categorizes, and files.
Once an item has been flagged, it will appear in the To-Do Bar. By flagging it and filing it into your reference folder, you have processed it, and now you can move it out of your view.
Change the name of the task by selecting it in the To-Do Bar or right clicking on it and selecting Rename Task. You can also add a category to help you see at a glance where your next action is.
A quick glance at your To-Do Bar with categorized tasks lets you know what is immediately actionable Office , which tasks you are waiting on other people for Waiting , and what you will be meeting about Meeting. After you process your messages, you can tackle your task list. This is when you respond to those messages that you have deferred. A good example is a message with instructions. File these messages in your reference folder 1-Reference by selecting your Reference Quick Step.
Adding a category will make the message easier to find later if you need it for example, Project. Do this before filing with your Quick Step.
After you finish processing your messages, you should have a clean Inbox and can switch your focus to your calendar and tasks. This includes:. As you review your calendar and your task list, be realistic about what you can accomplish. Sometimes that means saying no.
Here are some ways to gain back time by saying no:. Send messages to let people know that you are working on a response and make sure to flag it for yourself on send. The reality is that if you have a day filled with meetings, you have less time to complete tasks and write messages, so move tasks to other days. As you go through your calendar and tasks, inevitably you will start thinking of more things you need to do.
Here are some ways to create tasks in Outlook:. If you are in a meeting, take notes in OneNote. Flagged items in OneNote appear in the Outlook task list. Add tasks as they come to you by typing in the Type a new task box in the To-Do Bar or in the top of Task list, in a blank space in the Daily Task List, or by selecting New Task in the ribbon. Clean out tasks that you don't need to do. For flagged messages that you want to keep, select Remove from List , otherwise, just Delete.
Make tasks more actionable by changing the task subject of a flagged message. To change the task subject, select the item in the To-Do Bar and type a new subject or right click, and then select Rename Task. Only the subject you see in your task list changes. Create and assign color categories to help you identify where you need to be to take the next step and to make some tasks stand out.
Rearrange your tasks to group together similar tasks, such as tasks with the same category. To move a task, select the task in the task list and drag it. In this way, you can work on similar tasks together. For tasks that will take some time, drag the tasks onto the calendar to set aside time to get these tasks done.
The process of managing your task list shouldn't take over your life! As part of good time management, you need time to deal with your messages, manage your appointments and tasks, and reflect on what you have to do.
You can schedule this time for yourself with regular appointments and meetings on your calendar. Your calendar should be treated as your real plan for your time — if you have scheduled it, then that is what you are committed to doing at that time.
Deal with your messages. Setting aside time to deal with messages is especially important if you receive a lot of messages. Even if you have rules set up so that only the important messages appear in your Inbox, you still need time to deal with those messages. Tip: When processing and reading your messages, remove visual clutter by minimizing the Navigation Pane and To-Do Bar by selecting the Reading button in the status bar.
To go back to everything open, select Normal just to the left of Reading. Do a daily and weekly review of your tasks and appointments. Look at your calendar and tasks, and evaluate your appointments and tasks against your priorities. If you have a busy calendar, this is the time for:. Reflecting on what you're doing, whether it's a valuable use of your time, and whether you're setting the right priorities.
Meet regularly with your manager. Regular meetings with your manager can help you explain what you are working on and reset priorities where needed. To set up a regular or recurring meeting, select Recurrence.
Looking at the whole picture of your time and your tasks will help you to prioritize important work over less urgent tasks.
Reviewing your past week and upcoming week is also a useful way to help you prepare for a weekly meeting with your manager or help you prepare a status email message. After you have processed your messages, the best place to do work in Outlook reply to messages and so on is in Tasks.
As you go through your task list and your calendar, do similar tasks together. For example, if you have only a few minutes, make all of your phone calls if you have just a few. Tackle energy-intensive tasks for some, that might be responding to messages when you have more energy.
Deal with your low-energy tasks, such as reading status messages, later in the day or whenever your energy is lower. By "bulk processing" your tasks, you will make progress on all of your projects simultaneously. To do this, select the Arranged By heading, and then select Categories. Note: If you have tasks that are blocking other people from getting their work done, do those tasks first.
As you finish your tasks, mark them complete. Outlook keeps the list of your completed tasks automatically. This can be a useful summary of what you've accomplished. If you don't need to keep a record of the task or the message, delete it or clear the flag. If you have a lot of work to do, consider going offline to stem the tide of incoming message distractions.
When you switch between working online and offline, all email accounts within your Outlook profile are changed. If you want to find a message from a particular person, select the Search box in any folder, and then on the Search tab, select From. Or, start by typing the name in the Search box, and then press the down arrow key to select From to narrow the results.
To find a message with an attachment, select the Search box and on the Search tab, select Has Attachments. All search terms are additive, so if you want to find a message from someone with attachments, select the commands on the ribbon From , Has Attachments to build your search.
In these cases, start by searching in any folder Inbox , 1-Reference , etc. If you suspect that what you are looking for might be in an accepted meeting request and therefore is on your calendar , try selecting All Outlook Items.
If you find that you are often performing searches across your whole mailbox, you can set the default search scope to always search across all folders by going to the Backstage view.
Once you have found the item that you are looking for and are ready to move on to your next task, select the close icon next to the Instant Search box or on the Search tab, in the Close group, select Close Search.
Make your subject descriptive and action-oriented. Bold people's names when asking questions. Use a signature when appropriate, but keep your signature simple, short, professional, and if possible, free of graphics. If you are on an email conversation that has more than ten messages without a resolution, consider setting up a meeting to discuss the issue. With the message selected, on the Home tab, in the Respond group, select Meeting.
Acknowledge messages that require a more extensive response. If you are too busy to respond with a full answer right away, let the sender know that you are looking into the issue and will respond by a certain time or date. Flag it for yourself to do later. Use High Importance sparingly. If you are asking a question and there are several people who could respond, choose just one person rather than sending your question to a group. When you take these three steps, you know that your next action is to send another message or watch for a response.
Tip: Reminding yourself to send another message is often more effective than flagging the message for your recipient. Similarly, when you promise to do something in a message, flag it for yourself so that you have a task in your To-Do Bar to remind you.
Don't send a message when you are angry. Better to write it, save it to your drafts folder, and come back to it later. Don't send a follow-up message less than a day after the first message. If you don't hear back in a timely manner, try using the phone or a messaging app such as Microsoft Teams. Don't use read receipts or delivery receipts on every message you send. Use them only if you are unsure whether your recipients will receive the message.
Don't attach flags or high importance to every message you send. Your recipients will learn to ignore them. Don't send attachments — send links instead. This rule applies especially to meeting requests, where attachments can contribute significantly to server quotas.
Don't expand distribution lists. Expanding distribution lists makes messages harder to read and causes them to go into the wrong mail folders for people using rules. Don't write something you wouldn't want everyone in your company to read. You never know where your message might end up. If you need more information or are investigating the issue separately, respond to the whole Contact Group to let everyone know that you are responding and then reply to the individual separately.
Make sure to respond to the Contact Group after the issue is resolved with the resolution. In this way, the resolution can be referenced by other people on the Contact Group.
If someone sends a message to a Contact Group that you are a member of and the message would be better answered by someone else or another Contact Group, do the following:.
Rather, leave the Contact Group on the To or Cc line. If you are transitioning to a new role and find that you are redirecting people regularly, set up a Quick Step. Adding inline comments to a message that you receive is a convenient way to answer questions and respond directly to issues.
In your message, mention that you are commenting inline. For example, include "See additional comments below. If you only want to comment on a small part of a longer message, copy that section of your message into your response, using a different color and prefixing the quote with quotes, and then type your response. Use the Bcc feature to remove extra people from an email conversation when you deem that they no longer need the extra email or if the conversation topic has changed.
For example, if you are one of five people who receive a question and you want to answer it, move the other four people to the Bcc line and write something such as " Bcc'ing Joe, Jeff, James, and Jennifer.
Here's the answer… " Future messages will then be between only you and the original sender. The Bcc recipient might not realize that he or she has received a Bcc and might respond to everyone, exposing that he or she received a Bcc message. This might come across as sneaky behavior on your part. Rather than using Bcc to inform a third party of an issue, forward the message after you send it. Only invite people who need to be involved. Each additional person you invite to a meeting adds to the complexity of the meeting, making it harder to control.
On the other hand, if a decision needs to be made, make sure all of the key stakeholders are present, or the meeting will be a waste of time and resources.
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